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10-03-2018 | ANCA-associated vasculitis | Review | Article

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and their clinical significance

Journal: Clinical Rheumatology

Authors: Supaporn Suwanchote, Muanpetch Rachayon, Pongsawat Rodsaward, Jongkonnee Wongpiyabovorn, Tawatchai Deekajorndech, Helen L. Wright, Steven W. Edwards, Michael W. Beresford, Pawinee Rerknimitr, Direkrit Chiewchengchol

Publisher: Springer London

Abstract

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are a group of autoantibodies that cause systemic vascular inflammation by binding to target antigens of neutrophils. These autoantibodies can be found in serum from patients with systemic small-vessel vasculitis and they are considered as a biomarker for ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). A conventional screening test to detect ANCA in the serum is indirect immunofluorescence study, and subsequently confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A positive staining of ANCA can be classified into three main categories based on the staining patterns: cytoplasmic, perinuclear, and atypical. Patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) mostly have a positive cytoplasmic staining pattern (c-ANCA) whilst a perinuclear pattern (p-ANCA) is more common in microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) patients. Atypical pattern (a-ANCA) is rarely seen in patients with systemic small-vessel vasculitis but it can be found in other conditions. Here, techniques for ANCA detection, ANCA staining patterns and their clinical significances are reviewed.

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Medicine Matters Rheumatology

Abstract