1.
Cobb S, Anderson F, Bauer W. Length of life and cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1953;249(14):553–6.
PubMedCrossRef
2.
Wolfe F, Mitchell DM, Sibley JT, Fries JF, Bloch DA, Williams CA, et al. The mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37(4):481–94.
PubMedCrossRef
3.
Aviña-Zubieta JA, Choi HK, Sadatsafavi M, Etminan M, Esdaile JM, Lacaille D. Risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Dec 15;59(12):1690–7.
PubMedCrossRef
4.
Wallberg-Jonsson S, Ohman ML, Dahlqvist SR. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in Northern Sweden. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:445–51.
PubMed
5.
Maradit-Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, Ballman KV, Roger VL, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Increased unrecognized coronary heart disease and sudden deaths in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(2):402–11.
PubMedCrossRef
6.
Maradit-Kremers H, Nicola PJ, Crowson CS, Ballman KV, Gabriel SE. Cardiovascular death in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(3):722–32.
PubMedCrossRef
7.
del Rincón ID, Williams K, Stern MP, Freeman GL, Escalante A. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(12):2737–45.
PubMedCrossRef
8.
Sattar N, McCarey DW, Capell H, McInnes IB. Explaining how ‘high-grade’ systemic inflammation accelerates vascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2003 Dec 16;108(24):2957–63.
PubMedCrossRef
9.
van Halm VP, Nurmohamed MT, Twisk JW, Dijkmans BA, Voskuyl AE. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(5):R151.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Suissa S, Bernatsky S, Hudson M. Antirheumatic drug use and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55(4):531–6.
PubMedCrossRef
11.
Solomon DH, Curtis JR, Saag KG, Lii J, Chen L, Harrold LR, et al. Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: comparing TNF-α blockade with nonbiologic DMARDs. Am J Med. 2013;126(8):730.e9–730.e17.
CrossRef
12.
Van Doornum S, Brand C, King B, Sundararajan V. Increased case fatality rates following a first acute cardiovascular event in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(7):2061–8.
PubMedCrossRef
13.
van Halm VP, Peters MJ, Voskuyl AE, Boers M, Lems WF, Visser M, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis versus diabetes as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study, the CARRE Investigation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(9):1395–400.
PubMedCrossRef
14.
Peters MJ, van Halm VP, Voskuyl AE, Smulders YM, Boers M, Lems WF, et al. Does rheumatoid arthritis equal diabetes mellitus as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A prospective study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(11):1571–9.
PubMedCrossRef
15.
Lindhardsen J, Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, Madsen OR, Olesen JB, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. The risk of myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(6):929–34.
PubMedCrossRef
16.
Avina-Zubieta JA, Thomas J, Sadatsafavi M, Lehman AJ, Lacaille D. Risk of incident cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(9):1524–9.
PubMedCrossRef
17.
Karvounaris SA, Sidiropoulos PI, Papadakis JA, Spanakis EK, Bertsias GK, Kritikos HD, et al. Metabolic syndrome is common among middle-to-older aged Mediterranean patients with rheumatoid arthritis and correlates with disease activity: a retrospective, cross-sectional, controlled, study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(1):28–33.
PubMedCrossRef
18.
Chung CP, Oeser A, Solus JF, Avalos I, Gebretsadik T, Shintani A, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is increased in rheumatoid arthritis and is associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196(2):756–63.
PubMedCrossRef
19.
Popa C, Netea MG, van Riel PL, van der Meer JW, Stalenhoef AF. The role of TNF-alpha in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk. J Lipid Res. 2007;48(4):751–62.
PubMedCrossRef
20.
Roubenoff R, Roubenoff RA, Cannon JG, Kehayias JJ, Zhuang H, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Rheumatoid cachexia: cytokine-driven hypermetabolism accompanying reduced body cell mass in chronic inflammation. J Clin Invest. 1994;93(6):2379–86.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Summers GD, Metsios GS, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Kitas GD. Rheumatoid cachexia and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(8):445–51.
PubMedCrossRef
22.
Roubenoff R, Roubenoff RA, Ward LM, Holland SM, Hellmann DB. Rheumatoid cachexia: depletion of lean body mass in rheumatoid arthritis. Possible association with tumor necrosis factor. J Rheumatol. 1992;19(10):1505–10.
PubMed
23.
Giles JT, Allison M, Blumenthal RS, Post W, Gelber AC, Petri M, et al. Abdominal adiposity in rheumatoid arthritis: association with cardiometabolic risk factors and disease characteristics. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(11):3173-82.
24.
Haffner SM. Abdominal adiposity and cardiometabolic risk: do we have all the answers? Am J Med. 2007;120(9 Suppl 1):S10–6. discussion S16–7
PubMedCrossRef
25.
Park YB, Lee SK, Lee WK, Suh CH, Lee CW, Lee CH, et al. Lipid profiles in untreated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(8):1701–4.
PubMed
26.
Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Fitz-Gibbon PD, Therneau TM, Gabriel SE. Total cholesterol and LDL levels decrease before rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(7):1310–4.
PubMedCrossRef
27.
Robertson J, Peters MJ, McInnes IB, Sattar N. Changes in lipid levels with inflammation and therapy in RA: a maturing paradigm. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9(9):513–23.
PubMedCrossRef
28.
Ettinger WH, Varma VK, Sorci-Thomas M, Parks JS, Sigmon RC, Smith TK, et al. Cytokines decrease apolipoprotein accumulation in medium from Hep G2 cells. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14(1):8–13.
PubMedCrossRef
29.
Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Roger VL, Fitz-Gibbon PD, Therneau TM, et al. Lipid paradox in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of serum lipid measures and systemic inflammation on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(3):482–7.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Georgiadis AN, Papavasiliou EC, Lourida ES, Alamanos Y, Kostara C, Tselepis AD, et al. Atherogenic lipid profile is a feature characteristic of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: effect of early treatment—a prospective, controlled study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(3):R82.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
Toms TE, Panoulas VF, Douglas KM, Nightingale P, Smith JP, Griffiths H, et al. Are lipid ratios less susceptible to change with systemic inflammation than individual lipid components in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Angiology. 2011;62(2):167–75.
PubMedCrossRef
32.
Peters MJ, Voskuyl AE, Sattar N, Dijkmans BA, Smulders YM, Nurmohamed MT. The interplay between inflammation, lipids and cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: why ratios may be better. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(10):1440–3.
PubMedCrossRef
33.
García-Gómez C, Nolla JM, Valverde J, Gómez-Gerique JA, Castro MJ, Pintó X. Conventional lipid profile and lipoprotein(a) concentrations in treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(7):1365–70.
PubMedCrossRef
34.
Hurt-Camejo E, Paredes S, Masana L, Camejo G, Sartipy P, Rosengren B, et al. Elevated levels of small, low-density lipoprotein with high affinity for arterial matrix components in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: possible contribution of phospholipase A2 to this atherogenic profile. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(12):2761–7.
PubMedCrossRef
35.
Liao KP, Playford MP, Frits M, Coblyn JS, Iannaccone C, Weinblatt ME, et al. The association between reduction in inflammation and changes in lipoprotein levels and HDL cholesterol efflux capacity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(2). pii: e001588.
36.
Charles-Schoeman C, Lee YY, Grijalva V, Amjadi S, FitzGerald J, Ranganath VK, et al. Cholesterol efflux by high density lipoproteins is impaired in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(7):1157–62.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Charles-Schoeman C, Watanabe J, Lee YY, Furst DE, Amjadi S, Elashoff D, et al. Abnormal function of high-density lipoprotein is associated with poor disease control and an altered protein cargo in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(10):2870–9.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Tanimoto N, Kumon Y, Suehiro T, Ohkubo S, Ikeda Y, Nishiya K, et al. Serum paraoxonase activity decreases in rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci. 2003;72(25):2877–85.
PubMedCrossRef
39.
Gómez Rosso L, Lhomme M, Meroño T, Sorroche P, Catoggio L, Soriano E, et al. Altered lipidome and antioxidative activity of small, dense HDL in normolipidemic rheumatoid arthritis: relevance of inflammation. Atherosclerosis. 2014;237(2):652–60.
PubMedCrossRef
40.
Park YB, Choi HK, Kim MY, Lee WK, Song J, Kim DK, et al. Effects of antirheumatic therapy on serum lipid levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Am J Med. 2002;113(3):188–93.
PubMedCrossRef
41.
Svenson KL, Lundqvist G, Wide L, Hallgren R. Impaired glucose handling in active rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to the secretion of insulin and counter-regulatory hormones. Metabolism. 1987;36(10):940–3.
PubMedCrossRef
42.
Rho YH, Chung CP, Solus JF, Raggi P, Oeser A, Gebretsadik T, et al. Adipocytokines, insulin resistance, and coronary atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:1259–64.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Grimble RF. Inflammatory status and insulin resistance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5(5):551–9.
PubMedCrossRef
44.
Papaccio G, Graziano A, D'Aquino R, Valiante S, Naro F. A biphasic role of nuclear transcription factor (NF)-kappaB in the islet beta-cell apoptosis induced by interleukin (IL)-1beta. J Cell Physiol. 2005;204(1):124–30.
PubMedCrossRef
45.
Kiely A, McClenaghan NH, Flatt PR, Newsholme P. Pro-inflammatory cytokines increase glucose, alanine and triacylglycerol utilization but inhibit insulin secretion in a clonal pancreatic beta-cell line. J Endocrinol. 2007;195(1):113–23.
PubMedCrossRef
46.
Ursini F, Russo E, D’Angelo S, Arturi F, Hribal ML, D'Antona L, et al. Prevalence of Undiagnosed Diabetes in Rheumatoid Arthritis: an OGTT Study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(7):e2552.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Albrecht K, Luque Ramos A, Hoffmann F, Redeker I, Zink A. High prevalence of diabetes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a questionnaire survey linked to claims data. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(2):329–36.
PubMedCrossRef
48.
Han C, Robinson DW Jr, Hackett MV, Paramore LC, Fraeman KH, Bala MV. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(11):2167–72.
PubMed
49.
Solomon DH, Love TJ, Canning C, Schneeweiss S. Risk of diabetes among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(12):2114–7.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
• Ozen G, Pedro S, Holmqvist ME, Avery M, Wolfe F, Michaud K. Risk of diabetes mellitus associated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and statins in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(5):848–54.
This large scale cohort study compared the risk of incident diabetes between DMARDs in RA patients without baseline diabetes and found that HCQ and abatacept was associated with decreased risk of incident diabetes while TNF inhibitor monotherapy or concomitant MTX did not modify the risk, in comparison with MTX monotherapy. This is distinguished from the other studies in that BMI, RA duration, and proxies for RA activity/severity were adjusted. PubMedCrossRef
51.
Konijn NP, van Tuyl LH, Boers M, van de Ven PM, den Uyl D, Ter Wee MM, et al. The short-term effects of two high-dose, step-down prednisolone regimens on body composition in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(9):1615–22.
CrossRef
52.
Marcora SM, Chester KR, Mittal G, Lemmey AB, Maddison PJ. Randomized phase 2 trial of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for cachexia in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(6):1463–72.
PubMedCrossRef
53.
Metsios GS, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Douglas KM, Koutedakis Y, Nevill AM, Panoulas VF, et al. Blockade of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis: effects on components of rheumatoid cachexia. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(12):1824–7.
CrossRef
54.
Serelis J, Kontogianni MD, Katsiougiannis S, Bletsa M, Tektonidou MG, Skopouli FN. Effect of anti-TNF treatment on body composition and serum adiponectin levels of women with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27(6):795–7.
PubMedCrossRef
55.
Chen CY, Tsai CY, Lee PC, Lee SD. Long-term etanercept therapy favors weight gain and ameliorates cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis patients: roles of gut hormones and leptin. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(10):1956–64.
PubMedCrossRef
56.
Engvall IL, Tengstrand B, Brismar K, Hafström I. Infliximab therapy increases body fat mass in early rheumatoid arthritis independently of changes in disease activity and levels of leptin and adiponectin: a randomised study over 21 months. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(5):R197.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
Tournadre A, Pereira B, Dutheil F, Giraud C, Courteix D, Sapin V, et al. Changes in body composition and metabolic profile during interleukin 6 inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017;8(4):639–46.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Ursini F, Russo E, Letizia Hribal M, Mauro D, Savarino F, Bruno C, et al. Abatacept improves whole-body insulin sensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(21):e888.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Katz SJ, Russell AS. Re-evaluation of antimalarials in treating rheumatic diseases: re-appreciation and insights into new mechanisms of action. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23(3):278–81.
PubMedCrossRef
60.
Wallace DJ, Metzger AL, Stecher VJ, Turnbull BA, Kern PA. Cholesterol-lowering effect of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatic disease: reversal of deleterious effects of steroids on lipids. Am J Med. 1990;89(3):322–6.
PubMedCrossRef
61.
Morris SJ, Wasko MC, Antohe JL, Sartorius JA, Kirchner HL, Dancea S, et al. Hydroxychloroquine use associated with improvement in lipid profiles in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(4):530–4.
PubMedCrossRef
62.
Kerr G, Aujero M, Richards J, Sayles H, Davis L, Cannon G, et al. Associations of hydroxychloroquine use with lipid profiles in rheumatoid arthritis: pharmacologic implications. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66(11):1619–26.
PubMedCrossRef
63.
Desai RJ, Eddings W, Liao KP, Solomon DH, Kim SC. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug use and the risk of incident hyperlipidemia in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(4):457–66.
CrossRef
64.
Navarro-Millán I, Charles-Schoeman C, Yang S, Bathon JM, Bridges SL Jr, Chen L, et al. Changes in lipoproteins associated with methotrexate or combination therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(6):1430–8.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
Hjeltnes G, Hollan I, Førre O, Wiik A, Lyberg T, Mikkelsen K, et al. Serum levels of lipoprotein(a) and E-selectin are reduced in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate or methotrexate in combination with TNF-α-inhibitor. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013;31(3):415–21.
PubMed
66.
Ronda N, Greco D, Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Favari E, Hjeltnes G, et al. Newly identified antiatherosclerotic activity of methotrexate and adalimumab: complementary effects on lipoprotein function and macrophage cholesterol metabolism. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(5):1155–64.
PubMedCrossRef
67.
Reiss AB, Carsons SE, Anwar K, Rao S, Edelman SD, Zhang H, et al. Atheroprotective effects of methotrexate on reverse cholesterol transport proteins and foam cell transformation in human THP-1 monocyte/macrophages. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(12):3675–83.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
van Sijl AM, Peters MJ, Knol DL, de Vet RH, Sattar N, Dijkmans BA, et al. The effect of TNF-alpha blocking therapy on lipid levels in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;41(3):393–400.
PubMedCrossRef
69.
Daïen CI, Duny Y, Barnetche T, Daurès JP, Combe B, Morel J. Effect of TNF inhibitors on lipid profile in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(6):862–8.
PubMedCrossRef
70.
Charles-Schoeman C, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Kaplan I, Boy M, Geier J, Luo Z, et al. Effects of tofacitinib and other DMARDs on lipid profiles in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for the rheumatologist. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;46(1):71–80.
PubMedCrossRef
71.
Souto A, Salgado E, Maneiro JR, Mera A, Carmona L, Gómez-Reino JJ. Lipid profile changes in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis treated with biologic agents and tofacitinib in randomized clinical trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(1):117–27.
PubMedCrossRef
72.
Popa C, van Tits LJ, Barrera P, Lemmers HL, van den Hoogen FH, van Riel PL, et al. Anti-inflammatory therapy with tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors improves high-density lipoprotein cholesterol antioxidative capacity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(6):868–72.
PubMedCrossRef
73.
Charles-Schoeman C, Yin Lee Y, Shahbazian A, Wang X, Elashoff D, Curtis JR, et al. Improvement of high-density lipoprotein function in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate monotherapy or combination therapies in a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(1):46–57.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Kirkham BW, Wasko MC, Hsia EC, Fleischmann RM, Genovese MC, Matteson EL, et al. Effects of golimumab, an anti-tumour necrosis factor-α human monoclonal antibody, on lipids and markers of inflammation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):161–9.
PubMedCrossRef
75.
• Charles-Schoeman C, Wang X, Lee YY, Shahbazian A, Navarro-Millán I, Yang S, et al. Association of triple therapy with improvement in cholesterol profiles over two-year followup in the treatment of early aggressive rheumatoid arthritis trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(3):577–86.
This study showed that triple therapy improved lipid profiles more than MTX plus etanercept combination therapy after 2 years of treatment, despite comparable disease activity control. This finding suggests that disease specific mechanisms are involved to modify CV risk in addition to anti-inflammatory actions. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
• McInnes IB, Thompson L, Giles JT, Bathon JM, Salmon JE, Beaulieu AD, et al. Effect of interleukin-6 receptor blockade on surrogates of vascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: MEASURE, a randomised, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(4):694–702.
The MEASURE study was designed to assess the effect of tocilizumab on lipids and vascular risk surrogates at 24 weeks and showed comprehensive changes of lipid parameters in quantitative and qualitative manners. PubMedCrossRef
77.
García-Gómez C, Martín-Martínez MA, Castañeda S, Sanchez-Alonso F, Uriarte-Ecenarro M, González-Juanatey C, et al. Lipoprotein(a) concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis on biologic therapy: results from the cardiovascular in rheumatology study project. 2017;11(3):749–J Clin Lipidol, 756.e3.
78.
Ormseth MJ, Yancey PG, Solus JF, Bridges SL Jr, Curtis JR, Linton MF, et al. Effect of drug therapy on net cholesterol efflux capacity of high-density lipoprotein-enriched serum in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(9):2099–105.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
• Gabay C, IB MI, Kavanaugh A, Tuckwell K, Klearman M, Pulley J, et al. Comparison of lipid and lipid-associated cardiovascular risk marker changes after treatment with tocilizumab or adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(10):1806–12.
This post-hoc analysis of ADACTA trial enrollees compared the effect of tocilizumab and adalimumab on CV risk markers. Although the former treatment induced greater increase of LDL-C and HDL-C levels and even atherogenic index, it also showed greater decrease of Lp(a) levels and improvement of HDL particle compositions. These changes were seen in both responders and non-responders to tocilizumab, suggesting that disease specific mechanisms are involved to modify CV risk in addition to anti-inflammatory actions. PubMedCrossRef
81.
Kremer JM, Genovese MC, Keystone E, Taylor PC, Zuckerman SH, Ruotolo G, et al. Effects of baricitinib on lipid, apolipoprotein, and lipoprotein particle profiles in a phase IIb study of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(5):943–52.
PubMedCrossRef
82.
Taylor PC, Kremer JM, Emery P, Zuckerman SH, Ruotolo G, Zhong J, et al. Lipid profile and effect of statin treatment in pooled phase II and phase III baricitinib studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018; (in press).
83.
Pérez-Baos S, Barrasa JI, Gratal P, Larrañaga-Vera A, Prieto-Potin I, Herrero-Beaumont G, et al. Tofacitinib restores the inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport induced by inflammation: understanding the lipid paradox associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(18):3018–31.
PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
84.
Wang Z, Wang S, Wang Z, Yun T, Wang C, Wang H. Tofacitinib ameliorates atherosclerosis and reduces foam cell formation in apoE deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;490(2):194–201.
PubMedCrossRef
85.
• Charles-Schoeman C, Fleischmann R, Davignon J, Schwartz H, Turner SM, Beysen C, et al. Potential mechanisms leading to the abnormal lipid profile in patients with rheumatoid arthritis versus healthy volunteers and reversal by tofacitinib. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(3):616–25.
This is the first study to assess cholesterol and lipoprotein kinetics in patients with active RA and matched healthy volunteers. The data suggest that low cholesterol levels in patients with active RA may be driven by increases in cholesterol ester catabolism rather than decreases in production or mobilization, which can be reversed with tofacitinib treatment. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Novikova DS, Popkova TV, Lukina GV, Luchikhina EL, Karateev DE, Volkov AV, et al. The effects of rituximab on lipids, arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness in rheumatoid arthritis. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(2):202–7.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
Raterman HG, Levels H, Voskuyl AE, Lems WF, Dijkmans BA, Nurmohamed MT. HDL protein composition alters from proatherogenic into less atherogenic and proinflammatory in rheumatoid arthritis patients responding to rituximab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(4):560–5.
PubMedCrossRef
88.
Mathieu S, Couderc M, Glace B, Pereira B, Tournadre A, Dubost JJ, et al. Effects of 6 months of abatacept treatment on aortic stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biologics. 2013;7:259–64.
PubMedPubMedCentral
89.
Emami J, Pasutto FM, Mercer JR, Jamali F. Inhibition of insulin metabolism by hydroxychloroquine and its enantiomers in cytosolic fraction of liver homogenates from healthy and diabetic rats. Life Sci. 1999;64(5):325–35.
PubMedCrossRef
90.
Wasko MC, McClure CK, Kelsey SF, Huber K, Orchard T, Toledo FG. Antidiabetogenic effects of hydroxychloroquine on insulin sensitivity and beta cell function: a randomised trial. Diabetologia. 2015;58(10):2336–43.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Rempenault C, Combe B, Barnetche T, Gaujoux-Viala C, Lukas C, Morel J, et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(1):98–103.
PubMedCrossRef
92.
Rekedal LR, Massarotti E, Garg R, Bhatia R, Gleeson T, Lu B, et al. Changes in glycosylated hemoglobin after initiation of hydroxychloroquine or methotrexate treatment in diabetes patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(12):3569–73.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
Solomon DH, Massarotti E, Garg R, Liu J, Canning C, Schneeweiss S. Association between disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and diabetes risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. JAMA. 2011;305(24):2525–31.
PubMedCrossRef
94.
Mercer E, Rekedal L, Garg R, Lu B, Massarotti EM, Solomon DH. Hydroxychloroquine improves insulin sensitivity in obese non-diabetic individuals. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(3):R135.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Penn SK, Kao AH, Schott LL, Elliott JR, Toledo FG, Kuller L, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and glycemia in women with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(6):1136–42.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
Perdan-Pirkmajer K, Pirkmajer S, Thevis M, Thomas A, Praprotnik S, Hočevar A, et al. Methotrexate reduces HbA1c concentration but does not produce chronic accumulation of ZMP in patients with rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2016;45(5):347–55.
PubMedCrossRef
97.
Yaşar Bilge NŞ, Kaşifoğlu N, Kaşifoğlu T, Şahin F, Gönüllü E, Korkmaz C. The role of methotrexate and low-dose prednisolone on adiponectine levels and insulin resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis naïve to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016;19(7):665–71.
PubMedCrossRef
98.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Miranda-Filloy JA, Llorca J. Insulin resistance in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of the anti-TNF-alpha therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1193:153–9.
PubMedCrossRef
99.
Antohe JL, Bili A, Sartorius JA, Kirchner HL, Morris SJ, Dancea S, et al. Diabetes mellitus risk in rheumatoid arthritis: reduced incidence with anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(2):215–21.
CrossRef
100.
Stagakis I, Bertsias G, Karvounaris S, Kavousanaki M, Virla D, Raptopoulou A, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy improves insulin resistance, beta cell function and insulin signaling in active rheumatoid arthritis patients with high insulin resistance. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(3):R141.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
Ferraz-Amaro I, Arce-Franco M, Muñiz J, López-Fernández J, Hernández-Hernández V, Franco A, et al. Systemic blockade of TNF-α does not improve insulin resistance in humans. Horm Metab Res. 2011;43(11):801–8.
PubMedCrossRef
102.
Schultz O, Oberhauser F, Saech J, Rubbert-Roth A, Hahn M, Krone W, et al. Effects of inhibition of interleukin-6 signalling on insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein (a) levels in human subjects with rheumatoid diseases. PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e14328.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Choi HK, Hernán MA, Seeger JD, Robins JM, Wolfe F. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet. 2002;359(9313):1173–7.
PubMedCrossRef
104.
Westlake SL, Colebatch AN, Baird J, Kiely P, Quinn M, Choy E, et al. The effect of methotrexate on cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(2):295–307.
CrossRef
105.
Micha R, Imamura F, Wylervonballmoos M, Solomon DH, Hernán MA, Ridker PM, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of methotrexate use and risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(9):1362–70.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
106.
Sharma TS, Wasko MC, Tang X, Vedamurthy D, Yan X, Cote J, et al. Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with decreased incident cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(1). pii: e002867.
107.
Dixon WG, Watson KD, Lunt M, Hyrich KL, Silman AJ, Symmons DP, et al. Reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who respond to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(9):2905–12.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Gülfe A, Kapetanovic MC, Petersson IF, Saxne T, et al. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2005;32(7):1213–8.
PubMed
109.
Ljung L, Askling J, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Jacobsson L, ARTIS Study Group. The risk of acute coronary syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis in relation to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors and the risk in the general population: a national cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(3):R127.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
Barnabe C, Martin BJ, Ghali WA. Systematic review and meta-analysis: anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(4):522–9.
CrossRef
111.
Mann DL, McMurray JJ, Packer M, Swedberg K, Borer JS, Colucci WS, et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation. 2004;109(13):1594–602.
PubMedCrossRef
112.
Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, Fasanmade AA, Willerson JT, Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation. 2003;107(25):3133–40.
PubMedCrossRef
113.
Solomon DH, Rassen JA, Kuriya B, Chen L, Harrold LR, Graham DJ, et al. Heart failure risk among patients with rheumatoid arthritis starting a TNF antagonist. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(11):1813–8.
PubMedCrossRef
114.
Listing J, Strangfeld A, Kekow J, Schneider M, Kapelle A, Wassenberg S, et al. Does tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition promote or prevent heart failure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(3):667–77.
PubMedCrossRef
115.
Rao VU, Pavlov A, Klearman M, Musselman D, Giles JT, Bathon JM, et al. An evaluation of risk factors for major adverse cardiovascular events during tocilizumab therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(2):372–80.
PubMedCrossRef
116.
Kume K, Amano K, Yamada S, Kanazawa T, Ohta H, Hatta K, et al. Tofacitinib improves atherosclerosis despite up-regulating serum cholesterol in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort study. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(12):2079–85.
PubMedCrossRef
117.
Charles-Schoeman C, Wicker P, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Boy M, Zuckerman A, Soma K, et al. Cardiovascular safety findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;46(3):261–71.
PubMedCrossRef
118.
• Verden A, Dimbil M, Kyle R, Overstreet B, Hoffman KB. Analysis of spontaneous postmarket case reports submitted to the FDA regarding thromboembolic adverse events and JAK inhibitors. Drug Saf. 2018; (in press). This study investigated a safety risk of thromboembolic events associated with JAK inhibitors individually or as a class using post-marketing adverse event reports from FDA’s adverse event reporting system, and suggested that thrombosis might be a unique CV safety signal associated with JAK inhibitors.
119.
Holmqvist ME, Neovius M, Eriksson J, Mantel Ä, Wållberg-Jonsson S, Jacobsson LT, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and association with disease duration and hospitalization. JAMA. 2012;308(13):1350–6.
PubMedCrossRef
120.
Choi HK, Rho YH, Zhu Y, Cea-Soriano L, Aviña-Zubieta JA, Zhang Y. The risk of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis in rheumatoid arthritis: a UK population-based outpatient cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(7):1182–7.
PubMedCrossRef
121.
Chung WS, Peng CL, Lin CL, Chang YJ, Chen YF, Chiang JY, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(10):1774–80.
PubMedCrossRef
122.
Kim SC, Schneeweiss S, Liu J, Solomon DH. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(10):1600–7.
123.
• Zhang J, Xie F, Yun H, Chen L, Muntner P, Levitan EB, et al. Comparative effects of biologics on cardiovascular risk among older patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(10):1813–8.
This is the first study to compare biologic DMARDs on CV outcomes and found that abatacept was associated with lower CV risk compared to TNF inhibitors in the elderly Medicare enrollees. PubMedCrossRef
124.
Kang EH, Jin Y, Brill G, Lewey J, Patorno E, Desai RJ, et al. Comparative cardiovascular risk of abatacept and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with and without diabetes mellitus: a multidatabase cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(3). pii: e007393.
125.
Jin Y, Kang EH, Brill G, Desai RJ, Kim SC. Risk of cardiovascular disease and use of abatacept versus tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis patients with and without baseline cardiovascular disease: a population-based cohort study. J Rheumatol 2018 (in press).
126.
Giles JT, Sattar N, Gabriel SE, Ridker PM, Gay S, Warne C, et al. Comparative cardiovascular safety of tocilizumab vs etanercept in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a randomized, parallel-group, multicenter, noninferiority, phase 4 clinical trial [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(suppl 10)
127.
Kim SC, Solomon DH, Rogers JR, Gale S, Klearman M, Sarsour K, et al. Cardiovascular safety of tocilizumab versus tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multi-database cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(6):1154–64.
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef