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Sex and Gender Differences in Clinical Medicine

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Sex and Gender Differences in Pharmacology

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 214))

Abstract

Sex and gender differences in frequent diseases are more widespread than one may assume. In addition, they have significant yet frequently underestimated consequences on the daily practice of medicine, on outcomes and effects of therapies. Gender medicine is a novel medical discipline that takes into account the effects of sex and gender on the health of women and men. The major goal is to improve health and health care for both, for women as well as for men. We give in this chapter an overview on sex and gender differences in a number of clinical areas, in cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, gastroenterology and hepatology, in nephrology, autoimmune diseases, endocrinology, hematology, neurology. We discuss the preferential use of male animals in drug development, the underrepresentation of women in early and cardiovascular clinical trials, sex and gender differences in pharmacology, in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, in management and drug use. Most guidelines do not include even well-known sex and gender differences. European guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases in pregnancy have only recently been published. Personalized medicine cannot replace gender-based medicine. Large databases reveal that gender remains an independent risk factor after ethnicity, age, comorbidities, and scored risk factors have been taken into account. Some genetic variants carry a different risk in women and men. The sociocultural dimension of gender integrating lifestyle, environment, stress, and other variables cannot be replaced by a sum of biological parameters. Because of this prominent role of gender, clinical care algorithms must include gender-based assessment.

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Abbreviations

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

CAD:

Coronary artery disease

NO:

Nitric oxide

HCM:

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

DCM:

Dilated cardiomyopathy

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Gender in Medicine (GiM), Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany

    Vera Regitz-Zagrosek & Ute Seeland

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  1. Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
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  2. Ute Seeland
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Correspondence to Vera Regitz-Zagrosek .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Berlin, 10115, Germany

    Vera Regitz-Zagrosek

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Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Seeland, U. (2013). Sex and Gender Differences in Clinical Medicine. In: Regitz-Zagrosek, V. (eds) Sex and Gender Differences in Pharmacology. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 214. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_1

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