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Accounting for racial/ethnic variation in bone mineral content and density: the competing influences of socioeconomic factors, body composition, health and lifestyle, and circulating androgens and estrogens

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Abstract

Summary

The relative importance of various contributors to racial/ethnic variation in BMC/BMD is not established. Using population-based data, we determined that body composition differences (specifically skeletal muscle and fat mass) are among the strongest contributors to these variations.

Introduction

Racial/ethnic variation in fracture risk is well documented, but the mechanisms by which such heterogeneity arises are poorly understood. We analyzed data from black, Hispanic, and white men enrolled in the Boston Area Community Health/Bone (BACH/Bone) Survey to determine the contributions of risk factors to racial/ethnic differences in bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD).

Methods

In a population-based study, BMC, BMD, and body composition were ascertained by DXA. Socioeconomic status, health history, and dietary intake were obtained via interview. Hormones and markers of bone turnover were obtained from non-fasting blood samples. Multivariate analyses measured percentage reductions in estimated racial/ethnic differences in BMC/BMD, accompanying the successive removal of covariates from linear regression models.

Results

Black men demonstrated greater BMC than their Hispanic and white counterparts. At the femoral neck, adjustment for covariables was sufficient to reduce these differences by 46% and 35%, respectively. While absolute differences in BMC were smaller at the distal radius than femoral neck, the proportionate reductions in racial/ethnic differences after covariable adjustment were comparable or greater. Multivariate models provided evidence that lean and fat mass, serum 25(OH)D, osteocalcin, estradiol, and aspects of socioeconomic status influence the magnitude of racial/ethnic differences in BMC, with lean and fat mass providing the strongest effects. Results for BMD were similar, but typically of lesser magnitude and statistical significance.

Conclusions

These cross-sectional analyses demonstrate that much of the racial/ethnic heterogeneity in measures of bone mass and density can be accounted for through variation in body composition, diet, and socio-demographic factors.

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the statistical programming support of Gavin S. Miyasato, S.M.

Conflicts of interest

None.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

    T. G. Travison

  2. Department of Epidemiology, New England Research Institutes, Inc., 9 Galen Street, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA

    G. R. Chiu, J. B. McKinlay & A. B. Araujo

Authors
  1. T. G. Travison
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  2. G. R. Chiu
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  3. J. B. McKinlay
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  4. A. B. Araujo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. B. Araujo.

Additional information

This work was completed while Dr. Travison was an employee of New England Research Institutes, Inc.

Grant support

The project described was supported by Award Number R01AG020727 from the National Institute on Aging. The parent study (BACH) was supported by grant U01DK056842 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, or the National Institutes of Health.

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Travison, T.G., Chiu, G.R., McKinlay, J.B. et al. Accounting for racial/ethnic variation in bone mineral content and density: the competing influences of socioeconomic factors, body composition, health and lifestyle, and circulating androgens and estrogens. Osteoporos Int 22, 2645–2654 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1520-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1520-y

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