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Impact of the Environment on the Skeleton: Is it Modulated by Genetic Factors?

  • Nutrition and Lifestyle in Osteoporosis (S Ferrari, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

The etiology of skeletal disease is driven by genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of osteoporotic phenotypes have identified novel candidate genes, but have only uncovered a small proportion of the trait variance explained. This “missing heritability” is caused by several factors, including the failure to consider gene-by-environmental (G*E) interactions. Some G*E interactions have been investigated, but new approaches to integrate environmental data into genomic studies are needed. Advances in genotyping and meta-analysis techniques now allow combining genotype data from multiple studies, but the measurement of key environmental factors in large human cohorts still lags behind, as do the statistical tools needed to incorporate these measures in genome-wide association meta-studies. This review focuses on discussing ways to enhance G*E interaction studies in humans and how the use of rodent models can inform genetic studies. Understanding G*E interactions will provide opportunities to effectively target intervention strategies for individualized therapy.

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Conflict of Interest

CL Ackert-Bicknell’s institution has received grant from NIAMS/NIH (AR060234) to support her work. D Karasik declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

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  1. The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA

    Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell

  2. Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, H. Szold St. 14, POB 1589, Safed, 1311502, Israel

    David Karasik

  3. Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02131, USA

    David Karasik

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  1. Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell
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Correspondence to David Karasik.

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Ackert-Bicknell, C.L., Karasik, D. Impact of the Environment on the Skeleton: Is it Modulated by Genetic Factors?. Curr Osteoporos Rep 11, 219–228 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-013-0151-6

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